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<title>Danube Delta</title>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Danube Delta</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title category" style="font-size:125%;">Danube Delta</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#87CEEB;font-size:100%;"><a href="UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">Location</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Tulcea_County" title="Tulcea County">Tulcea County</a>, Romania and <a href="Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa Oblast</a>, Ukraine</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Natural: vii, x</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588">588</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1991 (15th <a href="World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">312,440 ha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:45.2,29.5"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°12′N</span> <span class="longitude">29°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.200°N 29.500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.200; 29.500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #8DE3D2; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;">

<a href="Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Wetland</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">21 May 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">521<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2">

</th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

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</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.706%;left:95%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Danube Delta"></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">Location of Danube Delta in Romania</div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Romania</span></div></div></div><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:87.209%;left:41.667%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Danube Delta"></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Danube Delta (Ukraine)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Ukraine</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Danube Delta</b> (<a href="Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Delta Dunării</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa">[ˈdelta<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈdunərij]</span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a0\/Ro-Delta_Dun%C4%83rii.ogg\/Ro-Delta_Dun%C4%83rii.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ro-Delta Dun\u0103rii.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Ro-Delta_Dun%C4%83rii.ogg/Ro-Delta_Dun%C4%83rii.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable">ⓘ</sup></span>; <a href="Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Дельта Дунаю</span>, <small><a href="Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Del'ta Dunaju</i></span>, <span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa">[delʲˈtɑ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʊnɐˈju]</span>) is the second largest <a href="River_delta" title="River delta">river delta</a> in Europe, after the <a href="Volga_Delta" title="Volga Delta">Volga Delta</a>, and is the best preserved on the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-WHS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occurring where the <a href="Danube" title="Danube">Danube River</a> empties into the <a href="Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, most of the Danube Delta lies in <a href="Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="Tulcea_County" title="Tulcea County">Tulcea County</a>), with a small part located in <a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (<a href="Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa Oblast</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its approximate surface area is 4,152 square kilometres (1,603 square miles), of which 3,446 km<sup>2</sup> (1,331 sq mi) is in Romania. With the lagoons of <a href="Lake_Razelm" title="Lake Razelm">Razim–Sinoe</a> (1,015 km<sup>2</sup> or 392 sq mi with 865 km<sup>2</sup> or 334 sq mi water surface), located south of the main delta, the total area of the Danube Delta is 5,165 km<sup>2</sup> (1,994 sq mi). The Razim–Sinoe lagoon complex is geologically and ecologically related to the delta proper; the combined territory is listed as a <a href="List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Romania" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Romania">World Heritage Site</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_geology">Geography and geology</h2></div>

<p>The modern Danube Delta began to form after 4000 BC in a bay of the <a href="Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> when the sea rose to its present level. A sandy barrier blocked the Danube bay where the river initially built its delta. Upon filling the bay with <a href="Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>, the delta advanced outside this barrier-blocked estuary after 3500 BC, building several successive lobes:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the St. George I (3500–1600 BC), the Sulina (1600–0 BC), the St. George II (0 BC–present) and the Chilia or Kilia (1600 AD–present). Several other internal lobes were constructed in the lakes and lagoons bordering the Danube Delta to the north (Chilia I and II) and toward the south (Dunavatz).<sup id="cite_ref-SR83012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SR83012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the <a href="Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvium</a> in the delta and major expansion of its surface area in the form of lobes resulted from <a href="Erosion#Vegetative_cover" title="Erosion">soil erosion</a> associated with human clearing of forests in the Danube basin during the <a href="1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1<sup>st</sup></a> and 2<sup>nd</sup> millenniums.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT91412_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT91412-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SR83012_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SR83012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geologist <a href="Liviu_Giosan" title="Liviu Giosan">Liviu Giosan</a> told <i>The New York Times</i>:

</p>

<blockquote><p>Probably 40% of the Delta was built in the last 1,000 years. Finding that was like a eureka moment.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT91412_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT91412-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>At present, the delta suffers from a large <a href="Sedimentary_budget" title="Sedimentary budget">sediment deficit</a>, after the construction of dams on the Danube and its tributaries in the later half of the 20<sup>th</sup> century. Construction of a dense network of shallow channels in the delta over the same period, a <a href="Sedimentation_enhancing_strategies" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentation enhancing strategies">sedimentation enhancing strategy</a>, attenuated the deficit on the delta plain but increased erosion along the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Danube Delta is a low <a href="Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">alluvial plain</a>, mostly covered by <a href="Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> and water. It consists of an intricate pattern of marshes, channels, streamlets and lakes. The average altitude is 0.52 m, with 20% of the territory below sea level, and more than half not exceeding one meter in altitude. Dunes on the most extensive <a href="Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">strand plains</a> of the delta (Letea and Caraorman strand plains) stand higher (12.4 m and 7 m respectively). The largest lakes are lakes Dranov (21.7 km<sup>2</sup>), Roșu (14.5 km<sup>2</sup>) and Gorgova (13.8 km<sup>2</sup>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distributaries_of_the_Danube">Distributaries of the Danube</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> branches into three main <a href="Distributary" title="Distributary">distributaries</a> into the <a href="River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a>, <b><a href="Chilia_branch" title="Chilia branch">Chilia</a></b>, <b><a href="Sulina_branch" title="Sulina branch">Sulina</a></b>, and <b><a href="Sf%C3%A2ntu_Gheorghe_branch" title="Sfântu Gheorghe branch">Sfântul Gheorghe</a> (Saint George)</b>. The last two branches form the <b>Tulcea</b> channel, which continues as a single body for several kilometers after the separation from the Chilia. At the mouths of each channel <a href="Alluvion" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvion">gradual formation of new land</a> takes place, as the delta continues to expand.

</p>

<caption>Main distributaries of the Danube

</caption>

<th>Danube arm

</th>

<th>Length (km)

</th>

<th>Flow (m<sup>3</sup>/s)<br>(1921–1990)

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><b> <a href="Chilia_branch" title="Chilia branch">Chilia</a></b>

</td>

<td>120

</td>

<td>3,800

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><b> <a href="Sulina_branch" title="Sulina branch">Sulina</a></b>

</td>

<td>64

</td>

<td>1,250

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><b> <a href="Sf%C3%A2ntu_Gheorghe_branch" title="Sfântu Gheorghe branch">Sfântu Gheorghe</a></b>

<p><b> (Saint George)</b>

</p>

</td>

<td>70

</td>

<td>1,500

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b><a href="Chilia_branch" title="Chilia branch">Chilia</a></b>, in the north, the longest, youngest, and most vigorous, with two secondary internal deltas and one microdelta in full process of formation at its mouth (to Ukraine).

</p><p><b><a href="Sulina_branch" title="Sulina branch">Sulina</a></b>, the central and thus the shortest arm, which consequently led to its extensive use for traffic and severe transformation. At its mouth is located the main port and a single settlement with urban characteristics of the Romanian part of the delta. Because of the <a href="Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvium</a> deposited at its mouth, a channel gradually advancing into the sea (presently it has 10km) was built in order to protect navigation.

</p><p><a href="Sf%C3%A2ntu_Gheorghe_branch" title="Sfântu Gheorghe branch">Sfântul Gheorghe</a> (<b>Saint George</b> in English), in the south, is the oldest and most sparsely populated. Its <a href="Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvium</a> has led to the creation, beginning in 1897, of the <a href="Sacalin_Island" title="Sacalin Island">Sacalin Islands</a>, which today measures 19km in length.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div>

<p>The Danube Delta is considered to be among Romania's sunniest and driest regions.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mean annual temperature is 11 °C (−1 °C in January and +22 °C in July), with mean precipitation between 300 and 400 mm/year.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_ecosystems">Main ecosystems</h3></div>

<p>The Danube Delta falls within the <a href="Pannonian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian steppe">Pannonian steppe</a> <a href="Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> of eastern Europe, with Mediterranean influences. As a young region in full process of consolidation, the Danube Delta represents a very favourable place for the development of highly diverse <a href="Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>, unique in Europe, with numerous rare species. It hosts 23 natural ecosystems, but due to the extent of <a href="Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> an aquatic environment is prevalent; a terrestrial environment is also present on the higher grounds of the continental <a href="Levees" class="mw-redirect" title="Levees">levees</a>, where <a href="Xerophile" title="Xerophile">xerophile</a> ecosystems have developed. Between the aquatic and terrestrial environments is interposed a swampy, easily flooded strip of original flora and fauna, with means of adaptation to water or land, depending on the season or <a href="Hydrological" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrological">hydrological</a> regime. At the contact between freshwater and sea water, some special physical, chemical and biological processes take place, which have led biologists to consider this area as a very different ecosystem called <b>beforedelta</b>. Musura Gulf, north of Sulina, and Saint George Gulf are considered the most representative of this type of ecosystem.

</p><p>Situated on major migratory routes, and providing adequate conditions for nesting and hatching, the Danube Delta is a magnet for birds from six major <a href="Ecoregions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecoregions">ecoregions</a> of the world, including the Mongolian, Arctic and Siberian. There are over 320 species of birds found in the delta during summer,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which 166 are hatching species and 159 are migratory. Over one million individual birds (including swans, ducks, and <a href="Eurasian_coot" title="Eurasian coot">coots</a>) winter here.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecosystem_of_running_water">Ecosystem of running water</h4></div>

<p>This comprises the arms of the Danube, and a series of its more important streamlets and channels. It is an environment rich in <a href="Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>, worms, <a href="Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, <a href="Larva" title="Larva">grubs</a>, and <a href="Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a>, with numerous species of fish, such as the <a href="Carp" title="Carp">carp</a>, <a href="Pike_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pike (disambiguation)">pike</a>, <a href="Pike_perch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike perch">pike perch</a>, <a href="Sheat-fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheat-fish">sheat-fish</a>, and freshwater <a href="Sturgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Sturgeons">sturgeons</a> (<a href="Sterlet" title="Sterlet">sterlet</a>, Vyza and Danube mackerel).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecosystem_of_stagnant_water">Ecosystem of stagnant water</h4></div>

<p>This environment includes the lakes, and various ponds, streamlets and channels. It is characterized by a rich floating and submerse flora (<i><a href="Myriophyllum" title="Myriophyllum">Myriophyllum</a></i>, <i><a href="Ceratophyllum" title="Ceratophyllum">Ceratophyllum</a></i>, <i><a href="Vallisneria" title="Vallisneria">Vallisneria</a></i>, under the water; <i><a href="Nymphaea_alba" title="Nymphaea alba">Nymphaea alba</a></i>, <i><a href="Nuphar_lutea" title="Nuphar lutea">Nuphar lutea</a></i>, <i><a href="Trapa_natans" class="mw-redirect" title="Trapa natans">Trapa natans</a></i>, <i><a href="Alisma_plantago" class="mw-redirect" title="Alisma plantago">Alisma plantago</a></i>, floating plants with roots near the lakes' borders; and <i><a href="Salvinia_natans" title="Salvinia natans">Salvinia natans</a></i>, <i><a href="Stratiotes_aloides" title="Stratiotes aloides">Stratiotes aloides</a></i>, <i><a href="Spirogyra" title="Spirogyra">Spirogyra</a></i>, floating plants without roots, having negative effect for aquatic <a href="Bioproductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioproductivity">bioproductivity</a>). Of the fish, the most important are <a href="Tench" title="Tench">Tench</a> (<i>Tinca tinca</i>), <a href="Common_bream" title="Common bream">common bream</a> (<i>Abramis brama</i>), <a href="Common_rudd" title="Common rudd">common rudd</a> (<i>Scardinius erythropthalmus</i>), <a href="Prussian_carp" title="Prussian carp">Prussian carp</a> (<i>Carassius auratus gibelio</i>), <a href="Wels_catfish" title="Wels catfish">wels catfish</a> (<i>Silurus glanis</i>), <a href="European_perch" title="European perch">European perch</a> (<i>Perca fluviatilis</i>), and <a href="Northern_pike" title="Northern pike">northern pike</a> (<i>Esox lucius</i>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecosystem_of_marshy_and_flooding_areas">Ecosystem of marshy and flooding areas</h4></div>

<p>Reed plants and floating reed islands (called <b>plaur</b> in <a href="Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>) are the most common and well-known components of the Danube Delta. Vegetation of this ecosystem consists of the common reed (<i><a href="Phragmites_communis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phragmites communis">Phragmites communis</a></i>) and, on near river banks, mace reed/cattail (<i><a href="Typha_latifolia" title="Typha latifolia">Typha latifolia</a></i>, <i><a href="Typha_angustifolia" title="Typha angustifolia">Typha angustifolia</a></i>), sedge (<i><a href="Carex_dioica" title="Carex dioica">Carex dioica</a></i>, <i><a href="Carex_stricta" title="Carex stricta">Carex stricta</a></i>), Dutch rush (<i><a href="Scirpus_radicans" title="Scirpus radicans">Scirpus radicans</a></i>, <i><a href="Schoenoplectus_lacustris" title="Schoenoplectus lacustris">Schoenoplectus lacustris</a></i>), and brook mint (<i><a href="Mentha_aquatica" title="Mentha aquatica">Mentha aquatica</a></i>). They provide ideal spawning and nesting grounds. The <b>plaur</b> are a mixture of reed roots, grass and soil, usually floating or anchored to the riverbed. As a rule, the reed surrounds the lakes and ponds, and slowly invades the water surface.

</p><p>This type of ecosystem is noted for its variety and large population of birds, some of them are very rare. The most important are the <a href="Tufted_duck" title="Tufted duck">tufted duck</a> (<i>Aythya fuligula</i>), <a href="Red-crested_pochard" title="Red-crested pochard">red-crested pochard</a> (<i>Netta rufina</i>), <a href="Mallard" title="Mallard">mallard</a> (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>), <a href="Greylag_goose" title="Greylag goose">greylag goose</a> (<i>Anser anser</i>), <a href="Pygmy_cormorant" title="Pygmy cormorant">pygmy cormorant</a> (<i>Microcarbo pygmeus</i>), <a href="Purple_heron" title="Purple heron">purple heron</a> (<i>Ardea purpurea</i>), <a href="Great_egret" title="Great egret">great white egret</a> (<i>Egretta alba</i>), <a href="Little_egret" title="Little egret">little egret</a> (<i>Egretta garzetta</i>), <a href="Eurasian_spoonbill" title="Eurasian spoonbill">Eurasian spoonbill</a>(<i>Platalea leucorodia</i>), <a href="Great_white_pelican" title="Great white pelican">great white pelican</a> (<i>Pelecanus onocrotalus</i>), <a href="Dalmatian_pelican" title="Dalmatian pelican">Dalmatian pelican</a> (<i>Pelecanus crispus</i>), <a href="Mute_swan" title="Mute swan">mute swan</a> (<i>Cygnus olor</i>), and <a href="Glossy_ibis" title="Glossy ibis">glossy ibis</a> (<i>Plegadis falcinellus</i>). A recent and welcomed newcomer is the <a href="Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">pheasant</a> (<i>Phasianus colchicus</i>).

</p><p>Among the mammals, there is the <a href="Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Eurasian otter</a> (<i>Lutra lutra</i>), <a href="European_mink" title="European mink">European mink</a> (<i>Mustela lutreola</i>), <a href="Stoat" title="Stoat">little ermine</a> (<i>Mustela erminea aestiva</i>), <a href="Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> (<i>Sus scrofa</i>), and <a href="Wildcat" title="Wildcat">wild cat</a> (<i>Felis silvestris</i>), in winter the <a href="European_hare" title="European hare">European hare</a> (<i>Lepus europaeus</i>) and, on the brink of disappearing from the delta, the wolf and the fox. During the Middle Ages, the <a href="Caspian_tiger" title="Caspian tiger">Caspian tiger</a> (<i>Panthera tigris tigris</i>) was a resident across the steppes of Ukraine, including Danube Delta, and once, they were hunted to extinction and they're extirpated. The <a href="Raccoon_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Raccoon dog">East Asian raccoon dog</a> (<i>Nyctereutes procyonoides</i>), bizam/introduced <a href="Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrat</a> (<i>Ondatra zibethica</i>), and to some extent South American <a href="Nutria" title="Nutria">nutria</a> (<i>Myocastor coypus</i>), are recent species that have successfully adapted.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="River_bank_and_levee_ecosystems">River bank and levee ecosystems</h4></div>

<p>The firm land of the delta used to be covered with large groves of willow trees, which have been cut down almost entirely and replaced with Canadian poplars. On the river banks kept in their natural state, small groves of willow trees (<i><a href="Salix_alba" title="Salix alba">Salix alba</a></i>, <i><a href="Salix_euxina" title="Salix euxina">Salix fragilis</a></i>, <i><a href="Salix_purpurea" title="Salix purpurea">Salix purpurea</a></i>, <i><a href="Salix_pentandra" title="Salix pentandra">Salix pentandra</a></i>, and <i><a href="Salix_triandra" title="Salix triandra">Salix triandra</a></i>) can still be found, mixed with white poplar (<i><a href="Populus_alba" title="Populus alba">Populus alba</a></i>). Occasionally, the willow trees form corridors along the arms and bigger channels of the Danube. On the <a href="Levees" class="mw-redirect" title="Levees">levees</a> of <a href="Letea" class="mw-redirect" title="Letea">Letea</a> and <a href="Caraorman" class="mw-redirect" title="Caraorman">Caraorman</a>, mixed forests of oaks (<i><a href="Quercus_robur" title="Quercus robur">Quercus robur</a></i>, and <i><a href="Quercus_pedunculiflora" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus pedunculiflora">Quercus pedunculiflora</a></i>) with various other trees (<i><a href="Fraxinus_pallisiae" title="Fraxinus pallisiae">Fraxinus pallisiae</a></i>, <i><a href="Ulmus_foliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulmus foliaceae">Ulmus foliaceae</a></i>, <i><a href="Populus_tremula" title="Populus tremula">Populus tremula</a></i>), shrubs (<i><a href="Prunus_spinosa" title="Prunus spinosa">Prunus spinosa</a></i>, <i><a href="Crataegus_monogyna" title="Crataegus monogyna">Crataegus monogyna</a></i>, <i><a href="Rosa_canina" title="Rosa canina">Rosa canina</a></i>, and <i><a href="Berberis_vulgaris" title="Berberis vulgaris">Berberis vulgaris</a></i>, among others), and vines (<i><a href="Vitis_sylvestris" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitis sylvestris">Vitis sylvestris</a></i>, <i><a href="Hedera_helix" title="Hedera helix">Hedera helix</a></i>, <i><a href="Humulus_lupulus" title="Humulus lupulus">Humulus lupulus</a></i>, <i><a href="Periploca_graeca" title="Periploca graeca">Periploca graeca</a></i>, which reaches up to 25m) grow on <a href="Sand_dune" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand dune">sand dune</a> areas. On the Letea levee, these exotic-looking forests grow especially in the depressions between the sand dunes, in small groves called <b>hasmace</b>. Fauna of this region include the <a href="Meadow_viper" class="mw-redirect" title="Meadow viper">meadow viper</a> (<i>Vipera ursinii</i>), <a href="Osprey" title="Osprey">osprey</a> (<i>Pandion haliaetus</i>), and <a href="Eurasian_eagle_owl" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian eagle owl">Eurasian eagle owl</a> (<i>Bubo bubo</i>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inhabitants">Inhabitants</h2></div>

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<p>With an average population density of 2 people per km<sup>2</sup>, the Danube Delta is one of the least inhabited regions of temperate Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Danube_Delta-Halmyris_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Danube_Delta-Halmyris-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the Romanian side live about 20,000 people, of whom 4,600 live in the port of <a href="Sulina" title="Sulina">Sulina</a>.. The rest of the population is scattered among 27 villages, of which only three, all situated marginally, had more than 500 people in 2002. The city of <a href="Tulcea" title="Tulcea">Tulcea</a>, at the western edge of the delta, has a population of 65,624 as of 2021; it represents the node of the region and the gate to the delta.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Danube_Delta-Halmyris_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Danube_Delta-Halmyris-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Its acute isolation and harsh conditions of living, based mainly on subsistence, made the Danube Delta a place of emigration, or transit at least. Very few of those born in the region stay there through adulthood; at the same time, the origins of its inhabitants vary widely, as people from many parts of <a href="Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> can be found in the delta. The total population has remained more or less constant throughout the 20th century; there were 12,000 inhabitants in the 1890s, and 14,000 before the Second World War. <a href="Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> account for approximately 80% of the population, and <a href="Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> for 10%. Other people living in the delta include ethnic minorities such as Greeks, Turks and Bulgarians (in 1992). Distinctive to the region, but very rare as an ethnic entity, are the <a href="Lipovans" title="Lipovans">Lipovans</a>, descendants of the Orthodox Old Rite followers who fled from religious persecution in Russia during the 18th century.

</p><p>On the Ukrainian side, located at the northern edge of the delta, the town of <a href="Izmail" title="Izmail">Izmail</a> has a population of 85,000, <a href="Kiliya%2C_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiliya, Ukraine">Kiliya</a> a population of 21,800, and <a href="Vilkovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilkovo">Vilkovo</a>, the main center of the <a href="Lipovan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipovan">Lipovan</a> community, a population of 9,300.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Recorded history notes that the <a href="Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a> lived in the Danube Delta before it was conquered by the <a href="Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>. After later invasion by the <a href="Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, the region changed hands many times. During the 15th century, the Danube Delta became part of the <a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In 1812, following the <a href="Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a>, the borders of the Ottoman and <a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empires</a> were set by the Kilia and Old Stambul Channels of the Danube, and in 1829 by the St George Channel. The <a href="Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Treaty of Paris of 1856</a>, which ended the <a href="Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, assigned the Danube Delta to the <a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="Commissions_of_the_Danube_River" title="Commissions of the Danube River">established an international commission</a> which undertook a series of works to help navigation. In 1878, following the <a href="Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">defeat of Ottoman Empire</a> by Russia and Romania, the border between the two countries was set by the Kilia and Old Stambul Channels.

</p><p>In 1991, the Romanian part of the Danube Delta became part of <a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s list of <a href="World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>. Around 2,733km<sup>2</sup> of the delta are strictly protected areas.

</p><p>In 1998, under UNESCO's <a href="Programme_on_Man_and_the_Biosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Programme on Man and the Biosphere">Programme on Man and the Biosphere</a>, the 6,264.03km<sup>2</sup> of the Danube Delta were established as a <a href="Biosphere_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosphere reserve">biosphere reserve</a>, shared by Romania and Ukraine.

</p><p>Historically, in Romania, part of the Danube Delta was marked as a reserve in 1938.

</p><p>In Ukraine, the Danube branch of the Black Sea State Reserve was established in 1973. In 1981, it was reorganized into the Natural Reserve "Danube Fluxes", and in 1998, it was extended into the Danube biosphere reserve.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h2></div>

<p>Large-scale works began in the Danube Delta as early as the second half of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First corrections of the Sulina arm began in 1862, and they continued throughout the 20th century. As a result, the length of the Sulina arm was reduced from 92 to 64 km, and its flow more than doubled, thus making it suitable for large-vessel navigation. Correcting the six large <a href="Meanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Meanders">meanders</a> on its course thereby reduced the length of the Sfântu Gheorghe branch from 108 to 70km, and its flow also increased somewhat. Both these increases were made to the detriment of the Chilia arm, which at present remains the most unspoiled arm of the main three. These corrections, as well as the digging of various secondary channels throughout the body of the delta, have had a serious impact on the ecosystem. Natural environments have been altered, the breeding pattern of fish has been disrupted, and the flows in the main arms have increased, with serious consequences regarding the discharge of <a href="Alluvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvia">alluvia</a> and the erosion of banks.

</p><p>Reed was intensively harvested during the <a href="Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> era. The regime had plans to transform the delta into a large agro-industrial zone. Although the first modern agricultural exploitation dates from 1939 (Ostrovul Tãtaru), only after 1960 were large areas drained and converted, to the detriment of the wetlands. In 1991, agricultural land in the delta surpassed 100,000 hectares, and more than a third of its surface has been affected by crop cultivation, <a href="Forest_plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest plantation">forest plantation</a>, or <a href="Pisciculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisciculture">pisciculture</a> (fish farming). As a result of these changes, along with the increasing pollution and <a href="Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> of the waters of the Danube, and decades of exploitation and poor fishing regulations, the fish population has been visibly reduced.

</p><p>In 2004, Ukraine inaugurated work on the <a href="Bistroe_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bistroe Channel">Bistroe Channel</a> that would provide an additional navigable link from the Black Sea to the populous Ukrainian section of the Danube Delta. However, because of the negative impact which this new channel might have on the fragile ecosystem of the delta, the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> advised Ukraine to shut down the works. Romanian officials threatened to sue Ukraine at the <a href="International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>. Under the presidency of <a href="Kuchma" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuchma">Kuchma</a>, Ukraine had responded that Romania was only afraid of the competition that the new channel would bring, and continued working on the channel. Under the presidency of <a href="Yuschenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuschenko">Yuschenko</a>, who visited Romania in 2005, both sides agree that professionals should decide the fate of the channel. In the long run, Ukraine plans to build a navigation channel, if not through Bistroe Channel, then through another channel.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

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</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="nochecker bordered-images whitebg gallery mw-gallery-packed">

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Sulina" title="Sulina">Sulina</a> – 1870 lighthouse</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">The natural reservations of the Danube delta (red: in Ukraine; yellow/red: in Romania)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Territorial losses of Romania in the Danube delta since 1948</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Dyked and dried areas in the <a href="Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">communist time</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Reed_(plant)" title="Reed (plant)">Reeds</a> growing in the Danube Delta</div>

</li>

</ul></div></div></div>

<td><b><a href="Geography_of_Romania" title="Geography of Romania">Geography of Romania</a></b>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><b><a href="Topography_of_Romania" title="Topography of Romania">Topography</a></b>

</td></tr>

<td>

<p><a href="Romanian_Carpathians" title="Romanian Carpathians">Carpathians</a> (<a href="List_of_mountains_in_Romania" title="List of mountains in Romania">peaks</a>)<br>

<a href="Wallachian_Plain" title="Wallachian Plain">Plains</a> & <br>

<a href="List_of_islands_of_Romania" title="List of islands of Romania">Islands</a>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><b><a href="Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></b>

</td></tr>

<td>

<p><a href="List_of_rivers_of_Romania" title="List of rivers of Romania">Rivers</a> (<a href="Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>)<br>

<a href="List_of_lakes_of_Romania" title="List of lakes of Romania">Lakes</a><br>

<a href="Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><b><a href="Climate_of_Romania" title="Climate of Romania">Climate</a></b>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="Birds_of_the_Danube_Delta" title="Birds of the Danube Delta">Birds of the Danube Delta</a></li>

<li><a href="Danube_Delta_horse" title="Danube Delta horse">Danube Delta horse</a></li>

<li><a href="Danube%E2%80%93Black_Sea_Canal" title="Danube–Black Sea Canal">Danube–Black Sea Canal</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Dobruja" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Dobruja">History of Dobruja</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Romania" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Romania">List of World Heritage Sites in Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Tourism_in_Romania" title="Tourism in Romania">Tourism in Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Romania" title="Seven Natural Wonders of Romania">Seven Natural Wonders of Romania</a></li></ul>

<p><small><b>A series of articles on control of the Danube, in chronological order</b></small>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Internationalization_of_the_Danube_River" title="Internationalization of the Danube River">Internationalization of the Danube River</a>, for events from earliest times to the Treaty of Paris in 1856</li>

<li><a href="Commissions_of_the_Danube_River" title="Commissions of the Danube River">Commissions of the Danube River</a>, for the international body governing the waterway from 1856 to 1940</li>

<li><a href="Nazi_rule_over_the_Danube_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi rule over the Danube River">Nazi rule over the Danube River</a>, for events during World War II</li>

<li><a href="Danube_River_Conference_of_1948" title="Danube River Conference of 1948">Danube River Conference of 1948</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Commission_for_the_Protection_of_the_Danube_River" title="International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River">International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River</a>, for the organization established in 1998 and charged with environmental and ecological activities</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/521">"Danube Delta"</a>. <i><a href="Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar</a> Sites Information Service</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408154524/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/521">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-WHS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHS_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588">"Danube Delta – UNESCO World Heritage Centre"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080127014732/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220304220933/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/ukraine/">Biosphere Reserves in Ukraine</a>, UNESCO. [Retrieved 2 June 2019].</span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220509010537/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/romaniaukraine/danube-delta/">Biosphere Reserves: Danube Delta</a>, UNESCO. [Retrieved 2 June 2019].</span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGiosanDonnellyConstantinescuFilip2006" class="citation journal cs1">Giosan, Liviu; Donnelly, Jeffrey P.; Constantinescu, Stefan; Filip, Florin; Ovejanu, Ionut; Vespremeanu-Stroe, Alfred; Vespremeanu, Emil; Duller, Geoff A.T. (2006). "Young Danube delta documents stable Black Sea level since the middle Holocene: Morphodynamic, paleogeographic, and archaeological implications". <i>Geology</i>. <b>34</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">757–</span>760. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Geo....34..757G">2006Geo....34..757G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG22587.1">10.1130/G22587.1</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-SR83012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SR83012_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SR83012_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLiviu_GiosanMarco_J._L._CoolenJed_O._KaplanStefan_Constantinescu2012" class="citation journal cs1">Liviu Giosan; Marco J. L. Coolen; Jed O. Kaplan; Stefan Constantinescu; Florin Filip; Mariana Filipova-Marinova; Albert J. Kettner; Nick Thom (30 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3430877">"Early Anthropogenic Transformation of the Danube-Black Sea System"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>2</b> (article number 582): 582. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NatSR...2..582G">2012NatSR...2..582G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep00582">10.1038/srep00582</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3430877">3430877</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22937219">22937219</a>. <q>Sediment loads delivered by Danube River, the main tributary of the Black Sea, significantly increased as land use intensified in the last two millennia, which led to a rapid expansion of its delta.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NYT91412-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT91412_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT91412_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Newer2012" class="citation news cs1">Rachel Newer (14 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/14/from-ancient-deforestation-a-delta-is-born/">"Comments From Ancient Deforestation, a Delta Is Born"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501005406/https://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/14/from-ancient-deforestation-a-delta-is-born/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGiosanConstantinescuFilipDeng2013" class="citation journal cs1">Giosan, Liviu; Constantinescu, Stefan; Filip, Florin; Deng, Bing (2013). "Maintenance of large deltas through channelization: Nature vs. humans in the Danube delta". <i>Anthropocene</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">35–</span>45. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Anthr...1...35G">2013Anthr...1...35G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ancene.2013.09.001">10.1016/j.ancene.2013.09.001</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whoi.edu/news-release/maintaining_deltas">"Study Offers Economical Solutions for Maintaining Critical Delta Environments"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPont2021" class="citation web cs1">Pont, Ulrich (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositum.tuwien.at/bitstream/20.500.12708/18532/1/Ivan%20Adrian%20Bebe%20-%202021%20-%20Thermal%20performance%20analysis%20of%20vernacular%20houses%20in...pdf">"Thermal Performance Analysis of Vernacular Houses in the Danube Delta"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Teschnische Universität Wien</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588/video">"Danube Delta – UNESCO World Heritage Centre"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510210914/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588/video">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-The_Danube_Delta-Halmyris-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Danube_Delta-Halmyris_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Danube_Delta-Halmyris_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709155001/http://www.halmyris.org/history/danube-delta">"The Danube Delta – Halmyris"</a>. <i>www.halmyris.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.halmyris.org/history/danube-delta">the original</a> on 9 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iordachi, Constantin, Van Assche, Kristof (2014) The Bio-Politics of the Danube Delta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780739195154">Lexington Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410184124/https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780739195154">Archived</a> 2015-04-10 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7391-9514-7</bdi></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Danube_Delta" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danube-delta.org">Danube Delta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920101547/http://danube-delta.org/">Archived</a> 20 September 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Danube Delta map, travel, photos, videos and reviews in Danube Delta Romania</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588">UNESCO Danube Delta World Heritage Site</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Romania73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Seven_Natural_Wonders_of_Romania" title="Seven Natural Wonders of Romania">Seven Natural Wonders of</a> <a href="Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Retezat_National_Park" title="Retezat National Park">Retezat National Park</a></li>

<li><a href="Sc%C4%83ri%C8%99oara_Cave" title="Scărișoara Cave">Scărișoara Cave</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheile_Nerei-Beu%C8%99ni%C8%9Ba_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheile Nerei-Beușnița National Park">Cheile Nerei-Beușnița National Park</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceahl%C4%83u_Massif" title="Ceahlău Massif">Ceahlău Massif</a></li>

<li><a href="Piatra_Craiului_Mountains" title="Piatra Craiului Mountains">Piatra Craiului Mountains</a></li>

<li><a href="Sphinx_(Romania)" title="Sphinx (Romania)">Sphinx</a> and <a href="Babele" title="Babele">Babele</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Romania361" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Romania361" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Romania" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Romania">World Heritage Sites in Romania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><b><a href="Churches_of_Moldavia" title="Churches of Moldavia">Churches of Moldavia</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="Arbore_Church" title="Arbore Church">Arbore</a></li>

<li><a href="Humor_Monastery" title="Humor Monastery">Humor</a></li>

<li><a href="Moldovi%C8%9Ba_Monastery" title="Moldovița Monastery">Moldovița</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_the_Holy_Cross%2C_P%C4%83tr%C4%83u%C8%9Bi" title="Church of the Holy Cross, Pătrăuți">Pătrăuți</a></li>

<li><a href="Probota_Monastery" title="Probota Monastery">Probota</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_John_the_New_Monastery" title="Saint John the New Monastery">Suceava</a></li>

<li><a href="Sucevi%C8%9Ba_Monastery" title="Sucevița Monastery">Sucevița</a></li>

<li><a href="Vorone%C8%9B_Monastery" title="Voroneț Monastery">Voroneț</a></li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Dacian_Fortresses_of_the_Or%C4%83%C8%99tie_Mountains" title="Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains">Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="Dacian_fortress_of_B%C4%83ni%C8%9Ba" title="Dacian fortress of Bănița">Bănița</a></li>

<li><a href="Dacian_fortress_of_C%C4%83p%C3%A2lna" title="Dacian fortress of Căpâlna">Căpâlna</a></li>

<li><a href="Coste%C8%99ti-Blidaru_Dacian_fortress" title="Costești-Blidaru Dacian fortress">Costești-Blidaru</a></li>

<li><a href="Coste%C8%99ti-Cet%C4%83%C8%9Buie_Dacian_fortress" title="Costești-Cetățuie Dacian fortress">Costești-Cetățuie</a></li>

<li><a href="Piatra_Ro%C8%99ie_Dacian_fortress" title="Piatra Roșie Dacian fortress">Piatra Roșie</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarmizegetusa_Regia" title="Sarmizegetusa Regia">Sarmizegetusa Regia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Historic_Centre_of_Sighi%C8%99oara" title="Historic Centre of Sighișoara">Historic Centre of Sighișoara</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="Horezu_Monastery" title="Horezu Monastery">Horezu Monastery</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="Villages_with_fortified_churches_in_Transylvania" title="Villages with fortified churches in Transylvania">Villages with fortified churches in Transylvania</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="Biertan_fortified_church" title="Biertan fortified church">Biertan</a></li>

<li><a href="C%C3%A2lnic_Citadel" class="mw-redirect" title="Câlnic Citadel">Câlnic</a></li>

<li><a href="D%C3%A2rjiu_fortified_church" title="Dârjiu fortified church">Dârjiu</a></li>

<li><a href="Prejmer_fortified_church" title="Prejmer fortified church">Prejmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Saschiz_fortified_church" title="Saschiz fortified church">Saschiz</a></li>

<li><a href="Valea_Viilor_fortified_church" title="Valea Viilor fortified church">Valea Viilor</a></li>

<li><a href="Viscri_fortified_church" title="Viscri fortified church">Viscri</a></li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Wooden_churches_of_Maramure%C8%99" title="Wooden churches of Maramureș">Wooden churches of Maramureș</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="Church_of_the_Presentation_of_the_Virgin_in_the_Temple" title="Church of the Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple">Bârsana</a></li>

<li><a href="Bude%C8%99ti_Josani_church" title="Budești Josani church">Budești</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Parascheva_Church%2C_Dese%C8%99ti" title="Saint Parascheva Church, Desești">Desești</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_the_Archangels_Michael_and_Gabriel%2C_Plopi%C8%99" title="Church of the Archangels Michael and Gabriel, Plopiș">Plopiș</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Parascheva_Church%2C_Poienile_Izei" title="Saint Parascheva Church, Poienile Izei">Poienile Izei</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_the_Holy_Archangels%2C_Rogoz" title="Church of the Holy Archangels, Rogoz">Rogoz</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_the_Archangels_Michael_and_Gabriel%2C_%C8%98urde%C8%99ti" title="Church of the Archangels Michael and Gabriel, Șurdești">Șurdești</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><b><a href="Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" title="Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe</a></b><sup><small>1</small></sup>

<ul><li><a href="Cheile_Nerei-Beu%C8%99ni%C8%9Ba_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheile Nerei-Beușnița National Park">Cheile Nerei-Beușnița</a></li>

<li><a href="Cozia_National_Park" title="Cozia National Park">Cozia Massif</a></li>

<li><a href="Domogled-Valea_Cernei_National_Park" title="Domogled-Valea Cernei National Park">Domogled-Valea Cernei</a></li>

<li><a href="Gro%C8%99ii_%C8%9Aible%C8%99ului" title="Groșii Țibleșului">Groșii Țibleșului</a></li>

<li>Izvoarele Nerei</li>

<li><a href="Lotru_Mountains" title="Lotru Mountains">Lotru Mountains</a></li>

<li><a href="%C8%98inca" title="Șinca">Șinca</a> Secular Forest</li>

<li><a href="B%C4%83iu%C8%9B" title="Băiuț">Strâmbu-Băiuț</a></li>

<li><a href="Stulpicani" title="Stulpicani">Slătioara Secular Forest</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> with <a href="Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_Romania137" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Protected_areas_of_Romania137" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Protected_areas_of_Romania" title="Protected areas of Romania">Protected areas of Romania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme" title="Man and the Biosphere Programme">Biosphere reserves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Retezat_National_Park" title="Retezat National Park">Retezat</a></li>

<li><a href="Rodna_Mountains" title="Rodna Mountains">Rodna</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="National_park" title="National park">National parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Buila-V%C3%A2nturari%C8%9Ba_National_Park" title="Buila-Vânturarița National Park">Buila-Vânturarița</a></li>

<li><a href="C%C4%83limani_National_Park" title="Călimani National Park">Călimani</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceahl%C4%83u_Massif" title="Ceahlău Massif">Ceahlău</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheile_Bicazului-H%C4%83%C8%99ma%C8%99_National_Park" title="Cheile Bicazului-Hășmaș National Park">Cheile Bicazului-Hășmaș</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheile_Nerei-Beu%C8%99ni%C8%9Ba_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheile Nerei-Beușnița National Park">Cheile Nerei-Beușnița</a></li>

<li><a href="Cozia_National_Park" title="Cozia National Park">Cozia</a></li>

<li><a href="Defileul_Jiului_National_Park" title="Defileul Jiului National Park">Defileul Jiului</a></li>

<li><a href="Domogled-Valea_Cernei_National_Park" title="Domogled-Valea Cernei National Park">Domogled-Valea Cernei</a></li>

<li><a href="M%C4%83cin_Mountains" title="Măcin Mountains">Măcin Mountains</a></li>

<li><a href="Piatra_Craiului_Mountains" title="Piatra Craiului Mountains">Piatra Craiului Mountains</a></li>

<li><a href="Rodna_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodna National Park">Rodna</a></li>

<li><a href="Semenic-Cheile_Cara%C8%99ului_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Semenic-Cheile Carașului National Park">Semenic-Cheile Carașului</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nature_park" title="Nature park">Nature parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apuseni_Natural_Park" title="Apuseni Natural Park">Apuseni</a></li>

<li><a href="Balta_Mic%C4%83_a_Br%C4%83ilei_Natural_Park" title="Balta Mică a Brăilei Natural Park">Balta Mică a Brăilei</a></li>

<li><a href="Bucegi_Natural_Park" title="Bucegi Natural Park">Bucegi</a></li>

<li><a href="Cindrel_Natural_Park" title="Cindrel Natural Park">Cindrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Comana_Natural_Park" title="Comana Natural Park">Comana</a></li>

<li><a href="Defileul_Mure%C8%99ului_Superior_Natural_Park" title="Defileul Mureșului Superior Natural Park">Defileul Mureșului Superior</a></li>

<li><a href="Dumbrava_Sibiului_Natural_Park" title="Dumbrava Sibiului Natural Park">Dumbrava Sibiului</a></li>

<li><a href="Gr%C4%83di%C8%99tea_Muncelului-Cioclovina_Natural_Park" title="Grădiștea Muncelului-Cioclovina Natural Park">Grădiștea Muncelului-Cioclovina</a></li>

<li><a href="Ha%C8%9Beg_Country_Dinosaurs_Geopark" title="Hațeg Country Dinosaurs Geopark">Hațeg Country Dinosaurs Geopark</a></li>

<li><a href="Iron_Gates_Natural_Park" title="Iron Gates Natural Park">Iron Gates</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunca_Joas%C4%83_a_Prutului_Inferior_Natural_Park" title="Lunca Joasă a Prutului Inferior Natural Park">Lunca Joasă a Prutului Inferior</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunca_Mure%C8%99ului_Natural_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunca Mureșului Natural Park">Lunca Mureșului</a></li>

<li><a href="Maramure%C8%99_Mountains_Natural_Park" title="Maramureș Mountains Natural Park">Maramureș Mountains</a></li>

<li><a href="Mehedin%C8%9Bi_Plateau_Geopark" title="Mehedinți Plateau Geopark">Mehedinți Plateau Geopark</a></li>

<li><a href="Putna-Vrancea_Natural_Park" title="Putna-Vrancea Natural Park">Putna-Vrancea</a></li>

<li><a href="V%C3%A2n%C4%83tori-Neam%C8%9B_Natural_Park" title="Vânători-Neamț Natural Park">Vânători-Neamț</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bicaz_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicaz Canyon">Bicaz Canyon</a></li>

<li><a href="Cehei_Pond" title="Cehei Pond">Cehei Pond</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheile_Turzii" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheile Turzii">Cheile Turzii</a></li>

<li><a href="Izvorul_Big%C4%83r" title="Izvorul Bigăr">Izvorul Bigăr</a></li>

<li><a href="Lapi%C8%99_Forest" title="Lapiș Forest">Lapiș Forest</a></li>

<li><a href="Letea_Forest" title="Letea Forest">Letea Forest</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Stogu" title="Mount Stogu">Mount Stogu</a></li>

<li><a href="Ostrovul_Cioc%C4%83ne%C8%99ti" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrovul Ciocănești">Ostrovul Ciocănești</a></li>

<li><a href="Repedea_Hill_Fossil_Site" title="Repedea Hill Fossil Site">Repedea Hill Fossil Site</a></li>

<li><a href="T%C3%A2mpa%2C_Bra%C8%99ov" class="mw-redirect" title="Tâmpa, Brașov">Mount Tâmpa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Conservation_Areas_of_Nature_in_Ukraine294" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#abdb75;"><div id="National_Conservation_Areas_of_Nature_in_Ukraine294" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Categories_of_protected_areas_of_Ukraine" title="Categories of protected areas of Ukraine">National Conservation Areas of Nature in Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="Biosphere_reserves_of_Ukraine" title="Biosphere reserves of Ukraine">Biosphere reserves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Askania-Nova" title="Askania-Nova">Askania-Nova</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Sea_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Black Sea Biosphere Reserve">Black Sea</a></li>

<li><a href="Carpathian_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Carpathian Biosphere Reserve">Carpathian</a></li>

<li><a href="Chernobyl_Radiation_and_Ecological_Biosphere_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernobyl Radiation and Ecological Biosphere Reserve">Chernobyl</a></li>

<li>Desna</li>

<li><a href="East_Carpathian_Biosphere_Reserve" title="East Carpathian Biosphere Reserve">East Carpathian</a></li>

<li><a href="Roztochia_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Roztochia Biosphere Reserve">Roztochchia</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Polesie_Transboundary_Biosphere_Reserve" title="West Polesie Transboundary Biosphere Reserve">West Polissia</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="List_of_nature_reserves_of_Ukraine" title="List of nature reserves of Ukraine">Nature reserves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cape_Martian_Reserve" title="Cape Martian Reserve">Cape Martian</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheremske_Nature_Reserve" title="Cheremske Nature Reserve">Cheremske</a></li>

<li><a href="Crimean_Nature_Reserve" title="Crimean Nature Reserve">Crimea</a> (<a href="Swan_Islands_Nature_Reserve" title="Swan Islands Nature Reserve">Swan Islands</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Dnieper-Oril_Nature_Reserve" title="Dnieper-Oril Nature Reserve">Dnieper-Oril</a></li>

<li><a href="Drevlians_Nature_Reserve" title="Drevlians Nature Reserve">Drevlians</a></li>

<li><a href="Gorgany_Nature_Reserve" title="Gorgany Nature Reserve">Gorgany</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaniv_Nature_Reserve" title="Kaniv Nature Reserve">Kaniv</a></li>

<li><a href="Karadag_Nature_Reserve" title="Karadag Nature Reserve">Karadag</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazantyp_Nature_Reserve" title="Kazantyp Nature Reserve">Kazantyp</a></li>

<li><a href="Luhansk_Nature_Reserve" title="Luhansk Nature Reserve">Luhansk</a> (<a href="Provallia_Steppe_Nature_Reserve" title="Provallia Steppe Nature Reserve">Provallia Steppe</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanytsia-Luhanska_Reserve" title="Stanytsia-Luhanska Reserve">Stanytsia-Luhanska</a></li>

<li><a href="Striltsivskyi_Steppe_Nature_Reserve" title="Striltsivskyi Steppe Nature Reserve">Striltsivskyi Steppe</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Medobory_Nature_Reserve" title="Medobory Nature Reserve">Medobory</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael's_Virgin_Land_Nature_Reserve" title="Michael's Virgin Land Nature Reserve">Michael's Virgin Land</a></li>

<li><a href="Polissia_Nature_Reserve" title="Polissia Nature Reserve">Polissia</a></li>

<li><a href="Rivne_Nature_Reserve" title="Rivne Nature Reserve"> Rivne</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_Steppe_Nature_Reserve" title="Ukrainian Steppe Nature Reserve">Ukrainian Steppe</a> (<a href="Chalk_Flora_Nature_Reserve" title="Chalk Flora Nature Reserve">Chalk Flora</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Yalta_Mountain-Forest_Nature_Reserve" title="Yalta Mountain-Forest Nature Reserve">Yalta Mountain-Forest</a></li>

<li><a href="Yelanets_Steppe_Nature_Reserve" title="Yelanets Steppe Nature Reserve">Yelanets Steppe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="National_parks_of_Ukraine" title="National parks of Ukraine">National nature parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Azov%E2%80%93Syvash_National_Nature_Park" title="Azov–Syvash National Nature Park">Azov–Syvash</a></li>

<li><a href="Bile_Ozero_National_Nature_Park" title="Bile Ozero National Nature Park">Bile Ozero</a></li>

<li><a href="Boikivshchyna_National_Nature_Park" title="Boikivshchyna National Nature Park">Boikivshchyna</a></li>

<li><a href="Carpathian_National_Nature_Park" title="Carpathian National Nature Park">Carpathian</a></li>

<li><a href="Charming_Harbor_National_Nature_Park" title="Charming Harbor National Nature Park">Charming Harbor</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheremosh_National_Nature_Park" title="Cheremosh National Nature Park">Cheremosh</a></li>

<li><a href="Derman-Ostroh_National_Nature_Park" title="Derman-Ostroh National Nature Park">Derman-Ostroh</a></li>

<li><a href="Desna-Stara_Huta_National_Nature_Park" title="Desna-Stara Huta National Nature Park">Desna-Stara Huta</a></li>

<li><a href="Dniester_Canyon_National_Nature_Park" title="Dniester Canyon National Nature Park">Dniester Canyon</a></li>

<li><a href="Dvorichna_National_Nature_Park" title="Dvorichna National Nature Park">Dvorichna</a></li>

<li><a href="Dzharylhach_National_Nature_Park" title="Dzharylhach National Nature Park">Dzharylhach</a></li>

<li><a href="Grand_Meadow_National_Nature_Park" title="Grand Meadow National Nature Park">Grand Meadow</a></li>

<li><a href="Halych_National_Nature_Park" title="Halych National Nature Park">Halych</a></li>

<li><a href="Hetman_National_Nature_Park" title="Hetman National Nature Park">Hetman</a></li>

<li><a href="Holosiiv_National_Nature_Park" title="Holosiiv National Nature Park">Holosiiv</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Mountains_National_Nature_Park" title="Holy Mountains National Nature Park">Holy Mountains</a></li>

<li><a href="Homilsha_Woods_National_Nature_Park" title="Homilsha Woods National Nature Park">Homilsha Woods</a></li>

<li><a href="Hutsulshchyna_National_Nature_Park" title="Hutsulshchyna National Nature Park">Hutsulshchyna</a></li>

<li><a href="Ichnia_National_Nature_Park" title="Ichnia National Nature Park">Ichnia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ivory_Coast_of_Sviatoslav_National_Nature_Park" title="Ivory Coast of Sviatoslav National Nature Park">Ivory Coast of Sviatoslav</a></li>

<li>Kamianska Sich</li>

<li><a href="Karmeliukove_Podillia" title="Karmeliukove Podillia">Karmeliukove Podillia</a></li>

<li>Kholodnyi Yar</li>

<li><a href="Khotyn_National_Nature_Park" title="Khotyn National Nature Park">Khotyn</a></li>

<li><a href="Kremenets_Mountains_National_Nature_Park" title="Kremenets Mountains National Nature Park">Kremenets Mountains</a></li>

<li>Kreminna Woods</li>

<li>Kuialnyk</li>

<li>Lower Dnieper</li>

<li><a href="Lower_Dniester_National_Nature_Park" title="Lower Dniester National Nature Park">Lower Dniester</a></li>

<li><a href="Lower_Polissia_National_Nature_Park" title="Lower Polissia National Nature Park">Lower Polissia</a></li>

<li><a href="Lower_Sula_National_Nature_Park" title="Lower Sula National Nature Park">Lower Sula</a></li>

<li><a href="Meotyda_National_Nature_Park" title="Meotyda National Nature Park">Meotyda</a></li>

<li><a href="Mezyn_National_Nature_Park" title="Mezyn National Nature Park">Mezyn</a></li>

<li>Nobel</li>

<li><a href="Northern_Podillia_National_Nature_Park" title="Northern Podillia National Nature Park">Northern Podillia</a></li>

<li><a href="Oleshky_Sands_National_Nature_Park" title="Oleshky Sands National Nature Park">Oleshky Sands</a></li>

<li><a href="Podilski_Tovtry_National_Nature_Park" title="Podilski Tovtry National Nature Park">Podilian Tovtry</a></li>

<li><a href="Pryazovia_National_Nature_Park" title="Pryazovia National Nature Park">Pryazovia</a></li>

<li><a href="Prypiat-Stokhid_National_Nature_Park" title="Prypiat-Stokhid National Nature Park">Prypiat-Stokhid</a></li>

<li>Pushcha Radzivila</li>

<li><a href="Pyriatyn_National_Nature_Park" title="Pyriatyn National Nature Park">Pyriatyn</a></li>

<li>Royal Beskids</li>

<li><a href="Shatsk_National_Natural_Park" title="Shatsk National Natural Park">Shatsk</a></li>

<li><a href="Skole_Beskids_National_Nature_Park" title="Skole Beskids National Nature Park">Skole Beskids</a></li>

<li><a href="Sloboda_National_Nature_Park" title="Sloboda National Nature Park">Sloboda</a></li>

<li><a href="Synevyr_National_Nature_Park" title="Synevyr National Nature Park">Synevyr</a></li>

<li><a href="Syniohora_National_Nature_Park" title="Syniohora National Nature Park">Syniohora</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsumanska_Pushcha_National_Nature_Park" title="Tsumanska Pushcha National Nature Park">Tsumanska Pushcha</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuzly_Lagoons_National_Nature_Park" title="Tuzly Lagoons National Nature Park">Tuzly Lagoons</a></li>

<li><a href="Upper_Pobuzhzhia_National_Nature_Park" title="Upper Pobuzhzhia National Nature Park">Upper Pobuzhzhia</a> (proposed)</li>

<li><a href="Verkhovyna_National_Nature_Park" title="Verkhovyna National Nature Park">Verkhovyna</a></li>

<li><a href="Vyzhnytsia_National_Nature_Park" title="Vyzhnytsia National Nature Park">Vyzhnytsia</a></li>

<li><a href="Yavoriv_National_Nature_Park" title="Yavoriv National Nature Park">Yavoriv</a></li>

<li><a href="Zacharovanyi_Krai_National_Nature_Park" title="Zacharovanyi Krai National Nature Park">Zacharovanyi Krai</a></li>

<li><a href="Zalissia_National_Nature_Park" title="Zalissia National Nature Park">Zalissia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div><a href="Categories_of_protected_areas_of_Ukraine" title="Categories of protected areas of Ukraine">Categories of protected areas of Ukraine</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184429#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1914" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184429#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1914" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316430382">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/236338061">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1310760">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4012713-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Danube River Delta (Romania and Ukraine)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh91001123">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13566933k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13566933k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX458497">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000618108&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810642595405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548947405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/dc503d1f-9d23-47d7-96c4-4216c6a38ec1">MusicBrainz place</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/05259341X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=21373">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/place/eacf7b01-ddb9-45b6-a48d-b19aad91fac4">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-26" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Danube_Delta&oldid=1302587967">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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